Upconversion nanoparticles demonstrate unique optical properties, making them attractive for applications in bioimaging, sensing, and medical treatments. However, their potential toxicity remains a significant concern. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the toxicity associated with upconversion nanoparticles. It explores variou

Zinc oxide is a substance renowned for its remarkable ability to protect delicate skin. This gentle element has long been used in a range of skincare products, from sunscreens to diaper rash creams, due to its exceptional protective characteristics. Establishing a physical defense on the skin's top layer, zinc oxide effectively blocks harmful rad